Index | Progress and Poverty

B

Bagehot, Walter, arrest of civilization, 480–481 X.1;

why barbarians waste away, 497–498 X.2.

Bastiat, cause of interest, 176–186 III.3.

Bisset, Andrew, knight’s service, 381n VII.4.

Buckle, assumes current doctrine of wages, 18 I.1;

on Malthus, 92–93 II.1, 100;
interest and profits, 158 III.1;
relation between rent, wages and interest, 170 III.2.

C

Cairnes, J. E., high wages and interest in new countries, 20–22 I.1.

California, economic principles exemplified in, 19–20 I.1, 61–63 I.3, 78 I.4, 144–146 II.4, 174 III.3, 255–256 IV.4, 271–275 V.1, 290–291 V.2, 344 VII.1, 383–385 VII.5, 392, 398 VIII.1, 434–435 IX.1.

Capital, current doctrine of its relation to wages, 17–18 I.1;

idle in industrial depressions, 21 I.1;
theory that wages are drawn from, 20–23 I.1;
deductions from this theory, 24–25 I.1;
varying definitions of, 32–34 I.2;
difficulties besetting use of term, 36–37 I.2;
exclusions of term, 37–38 I.2;
distinguished from wealth, 41–47 I.2, 71–72 I.4;
used in two senses, 56–57 I.3;
definitions of Smith, Ricardo, McCulloch, and Mill compared, 41–45 I.2;
wages not drawn from, 23–29 I.1, 49–69 I.3;
does not limit industry, 26–29 I.1, 57–58 I.3, 80–86 I.5;
does not maintain laborers, 70–78 I.4;
modes in which it aids labor, 79 I.5, 186–188 III.3, 195–196 III.5;
real functions of, 79–87 I.5;
may limit form and productiveness of industry, 80–82 I.5;
apparent want of generally due to some other want, 82–85 I.5;
limited by requirements of production, 85–86 I.5;
poverty not due to scarcity of, 85–86 I.5;
not necessary to production, 163–164 III.1;
a form of labor, 164 III.1, 198 III.5, 203;
its essence, 179 III.3;
spurious, 189–194 III.4;
not fixed in quantity, 195 III.5;
if the only active factor in production, 201–202 III.5;
its profits as affected by wages, 308–309 VI.1;
wastes when not used, 311 VI.1;
invested upon possessory titles, 385 VII.5.

Carey, Henry C., on capital, 34 I.2;

rent, 225 IV.1.

China, cause of poverty and famine, 121–122 II.2;

civilization, 480–481 X.1.

Civilization, what, 475–476 X.1;

prevailing belief as to progress of, 476–479 X.1;
arrest of, 479–486 X.1;
differences in, 487–502 X.2;
its law, 503–523 X.3;
retrogression, 482–486 X.1, 536–537 X.4;
to endure must be based on justice, 543–546 X.5;
character of European, 518 X.3, 526 X.4.

Civilization, modern, its riddle, 10 Introductory;

has not improved condition of the lowest class, 281–284 V.2;
development of, 372–382 VII.4;
superiority, 519–520 X.3;
may decline, 524–528 X.4;
indications of retrogression, 537–540 X.4;
its possibilities, 452–469 IX.4, 549 X.5.

Communities, industrial, extent of, 197 III.5.

Confucius, descendants of, 111–112 II.2.

Consumption, supported by contemporaneous production, 72–75 I.4;

demand for determines production, 75–76 I.4;
only relative term, 133 II.3;
increase of shows increasing production, 149 II.4.

Co-operation, not a remedy for poverty, 314–317 VI.1;

but will follow from the extirpation of poverty, 452–469 IX.4.

D

Debts, public, not capital, 189–190 III.4;

origin and abolition, 381–382 VII.4, 453 IX.4.

Demand, not fixed, 243 IV.3, 245–247. (See Supply and Demand.)

Deutsch, Emanuel, human nature, 495 X.2.

Development, concentration the order of, 325 VI.1.

Development Philosophy, relations to Malthusianism, 100–101 II.1;

insufficiency of, 473–486 X.1.

Discount, high rates of, not interest, 21n I.1.

Distribution, terms of exclusive, 37 I.2, 38, 162 III.1;

laws of, 153–222 III.1;
their necessary relation, 160–164 III.1;
as currently taught, 160–161 III.1;
contrasted with true laws, 218 III.7;
equality of, 450–451 IX.3.

E

Education no remedy for poverty, 305–306 VI.1.

Exchange, functions of, 27–29 I.1, 76–77 I.4;

a part of production, 47 I.2;
brings increase, 182–183 III.3, 186–187;
extends with progress of civilization, 197 III.5;
promotes civilization, 508–509 X.3.

Exchanges, credit in, 276–277 V.1;

effect of wages on international, 309–310 VI.1.

F

Fawcett, Prof., Indian expenditures, 120n II.2;

value of land in England, 287 V.2.

Fawcett, Mrs., laborers maintained by capital, 70 I.4;

land tax, 421 VIII.4.

Feudal system, recognition of common rights to land, 372–375 VII.4, 381;

infeudation, 396–397 VIII.1.

Fortunes, great, 193–194 III.4, 386–387 VII.5, 451 IX.3.

Franklin, Benjamin, his economy, 303 VI.1.

G

Government, improvements in increase production, 227 IV.1, 252 IV.3;

will not relieve poverty, 298–301 VI.1;
simplification and change of character, 452–469 IX.4;
tendency to republicanism, 526–527 X.4;
transition to despotism, 301 VI.1, 527–528 X.4.

Guizot, Europe after fall of Roman Empire, 372–373 VII.4;

the question that arises from a review of civilization, 553 Conclusion.

H

Hyndman, H. M., Indian famine, 119–120 II.2.

I

Improvements in the arts, effect upon distribution, 242–252 IV.3;

in habits of industry and thrift, will not relieve poverty, 301–308 VI.1;
upon land, their value separable from land values, 341–342 VII.1, 422–423 VIII.4.

India, cause of poverty and famine, 114–121 II.2;

civilization, 480 X.1, 481, 497 X.2.

Industrial depressions, extent and significance, 5–6 Introductory, 537–538 X.4;

conflicting opinions as to cause, 10–11 Introductory;
their cause and course, 261–279 V.1;
connection with railroad building, 272–274 V.1;
passing away, 279 V.1.

Industry, not limited by capital, 26 I.1, 56–57 I.3;

may be limited in form and productiveness by capital, 80–86 I.5.

Interest, confusion of term with profits, 156–163 III.1;

proper signification, 161–162 III.1;
variations in, 174 III.3;
cause of, 174–188 III.3;
justice of, 187 III.3;
profits mistaken for, 189–194 III.4;
law of, 195–203 III.5;
normal point of, 198–199 III.5;
formulation of law, 202 III.5.

Interest and wages, evident connection, 19–21 I.1;

relation, 171–172 III.2, 199–203 III.5, 218 III.7;
why higher in new countries, 221 III.8.

Inventions, labor-saving, failure to relieve poverty, 3–5 Introductory;

advantage of goes primarily to labor, 179 III.3, 195–196 III.5;
except when not diffused, 251 IV.3;
effect of, 242–252 IV.3;
brought forth by freedom, 521–523 X.3.

Ireland, cause of poverty and famine, 123–128 II.2;

effect of introduction of potato, 303–304 VI.1.

L

Labor, purpose of, 27–29 I.1, 244–245 IV.3, 396 VIII.1;

meaning of term, 37–38 I.2;
produces wages, 27–29 I.1, 49–69 I.3;
precedes wages, 55–58 I.3;
employs capital, 163 III.1, 195 III.5;
eliminated from production, 201–202 III.5;
productiveness varies with natural powers, 205 III.6;
no fixed barriers between occupations, 210–211 III.6;
value of reduced by value of land, 221–222 III.8;
supply and demand, 268–269 V.1;
land necessary to, 270 V.1, 292–294 V.2;
cause of want of employment, 271–272 V.1;
family, 304 VI.1;
combination, 308–314 VI.1;
only rightful basis of property, 332–335 VII.1;
efficiency increases with wages, 441–442 IX.2;
not in itself repugnant, 465 IX.4.

Labor and Capital, different forms of same thing, 163–164 III.1, 198 III.5, 203;

whence idea of their conflict arises, 189 III.4, 194;
harmony of interests, 198–203 III.5.

Laborers, not maintained by capital, 70–78 I.4;

where land is monopolized, have no interest in increase of productive power, 281 V.2;
made more dependent by civilization, 281–284 V.2;
organizations of, 308–314 VI.1;
condition not improved by division of land, 321–325 VI.1;
their enslavement the ultimate result of private property in land, 345–355 VII.2.

Land, meaning of term, 37 I.2;

value of is not wealth, 39 I.2, 165–166 III.2;
diminishing productiveness cited in support Malthusian theory, 97 II.1;
how far true, 133–134 II.3, 228–241 IV.2;
maintenance of prices, 274–275 V.1;
estimated value of in England, 287 V.2;
effects of monopolization in England, 288–289 V.2;
relation of man to, 292–294 V.2;
division of will not relieve poverty, 319–325 VI.1;
tendency to concentration in ownership, 319–321 VI.1;
necessity for abolishing private ownership, 326–327 VI.2;
injustice of private property in, 331–392 VII.1;
absurdity of legal titles to, 340 VII.1, 342–344;
aristocracy and serfdom spring from ownership of, 294 V.2, 348–355 VII.2, 514–515 X.3;
purchase by government, 357–358 VII.3;
development of private ownership, 366–382 VII.4;
commons, 375–376 VII.4;
tenures in the United States, 383–392 VII.5;
private ownership inconsistent with best use, 395–400 VIII.1;
how may be made common property, 401–427 VIII.2;
effects of this, 452–469 IX.4;
increase of productiveness from better distribution of population, 449n IX.3.

Land owners, power of, 167 III.2, 292–294 V.2, 345–355 VII.2;

ease of their combination, 312–313 VI.1;
their claims to compensation, 356–365 VII.3;
will not be injured by confiscation of rent, 445–469 IX.3.

Latimer, Hugh, increase of rent in Sixteenth Century, 288–289 V.2.

Laveleye, M. de, on small land holdings, 324–325 VI.1;

primitive land tenures, 369 VII.4;
Teutonic equality, 372 VII.4.

Lawyers, confusions in their terminology, 335–336 VII.1;

their inculcation of the sacredness of property, 366 VII.4;
influence on land tenures, 370n VII.4.

Life, quantity of human, 109–110 II.2;

limits to, 129–134 II.3;
reproductive power gives increase to capital, 181 III.3;
balance of, 196–197 III.5;
meaning of, 561 Conclusion.

M

Macaulay, English rule in India, 116 II.2;

future of United States, 534 X.4.

Machinery. (See Inventions.)

McCulloch, on wages fund, 22–23 I.1n;

definition of capital, 33–34 I.2;
compared, 42–44 I.2;
principle of increase, 101 II.1;
Irish poverty and distress, 125–126 II.2;
rent, 232 IV.2;
tax on rent, 420 VIII.4, 422–425.

Malthus, purpose of Essay on Population, 98 II.1;

its absurdities, 104–105 II.2, 137 II.3;
his other works treated with contempt, 105–106 II.2n;
fall of wages in Sixteenth Century, 288 V.2;
cause of his popularity, 98–100 II.1, 336–337 VII.1n.

Malthusian Theory, stated, examined and disproved, 91–150 II.1;

as stated by Malthus, 93–94 II.1;
as stated by Mill, 94–95 II.1, 140–141 II.4;
in its strongest form, 95 II.1;
its triumph and the causes, 95–96 II.1;
harmonizes with ideas of working classes, 98 II.1;
defends inequality and discourages reform, 98–99 II.1, 140–141 II.4, 336–337 VII.1n;
its extension in development philosophy, 101 II.1;
now generally accepted, 101–102 II.1;
its illegitimate inferences, 103–139 II.2;
facts which disprove it, 140–150 II.4;
its support from doctrine of rent, 97 II.1, 132–133 II.3, 228–229 IV.2;
effects predicated of increase of population result from improvements in the arts, 242–252 IV.3;
the ultimate defense of property in land, 336–337 VII.1n.

Man more than an animal, 129–131 II.3, 134–136, 307 VI.1, 464 IX.4, 473–475 X.1, 492–493 X.2;

his power to avail himself of the reproductive forces of nature, 131–132 II.3;
primary right and power, 332–333 VII.1;
desire for approbation, 456–458 IX.4;
selfishness not the master motive, 460–461 IX.4;
his infinite desires, 134–136 II.3, 243 IV.3, 245–247, 464–465 IX.4, 503 X.3;
how improves, 475 X.1;
idea of national or race life, 485–486 X.1;
cause of differences and progress, 487–502 X.2;
hereditary transmission, 492–502 X.2;
social in his nature, 506 X.3.

Mill, John Stuart, definition of capital, 34 I.2, 71–72 I.4;

industry limited by capital, 56–57 I.3n, 70–71 I.4;
Malthusian doctrine, 94–95 II.1, 111 II.2;
effect of unrestricted increase of population, 140–141 II.4;
confusion as to profits and interest, 158 III.1;
law of rent, 168 III.2;
wages, 213 III.6;
government resumption of increase of land values, 358–360 VII.3;
influence of Malthusianism, 360–361 VII.3;
tax on rent, 420–421 VIII.4.

Money, when capital, 45 I.2;

in hands of consumer, 46n I.2;
confounded with wealth, 60–61 I.3;
lack of commodities spoken of as lack of, 266 V.1.

Monopolies, profits of, 191–194 III.4;

cause of certain, 408–409 VIII.3.

More, Sir Thomas, ejectments of cottagers, 289 V.2.

N

Nature, its reproductive power, 180–182 III.3;

utilization of its variations, 182–183 III.3, 185–187;
equation between reproduction and destruction, 196–197 III.5;
impartiality of, 333–334 VII.1.

Nicholson, N. A., on capital, 35 I.2.

Nightingale, Florence, causes of famine in India, 118–119 II.2, 119n, 120n.

P

Perry, Arthur Latham, on capital, 34 I.2;

rent, 225 IV.1.

Political Economy, its failure, its nature and its methods, 10–13 Introductory;

doctrines based upon the theory that wages are drawn from capital, 24–25 I.1;
importance of definitions, 30–36 I.2;
its terms, abstract terms, 47 I.2;
confusion of standard treatises, 56–57 I.3, 158–161 III.1, 218 III.7;
the erroneous standpoint which its investigators have adopted, 162–163 III.1;
its fundamental principle, 12 Introductory, 204 III.6, 217 III.7, 560 Conclusion;
writers on, stumbling over law of wages, 215–216 III.6;
compared with astronomy, 219–220 III.8;
deals with general tendencies, 278–279 V.1;
admissions in standard works as to property in land, 356–358 VII.3;
principles not pushed to logical conclusions, 421 VIII.4;
the Physiocrats, 421–422 VIII.4;
unison with moral truth, 230 IV.2, 484 X.1;
its hopefulness, 557 Conclusion;
effect on religious ideas, 555–556 Conclusion.

Population and Subsistence, 91–150 II.1. (See Malthusian Theory.)

Population, inferences as to increase, 103–104 II.2;

of world, no evidence of increase in, 107–110 II.2;
present, 113n II.2;
increase of descendants not increase of, 112 II.2;
only limited by space, 133–134 II.3;
real law of increase, 137–139 II.3;
effect of increase upon production and distribution, 228–241 IV.2;
increase of increases wealth, 140–150 II.4;
puts land to intenser uses, 320 VI.1;
increase in United States, 390 VII.5.

Poverty, its connection with material progress, 6–10 Introductory;

failure to explain this, 10–11 Introductory;
where deepest, 222 III.8;
why it accompanies progress, 280–294 V.2;
remedy for, 326–328 VI.2;
springs from injustice, 338–339 VII.1, 541–542 X.5;
its effects, 354 VII.2, 456–464 IX.4.

Price, not measured by the necessity of the buyer, 185 III.3;

equation of equalizes reward of labor, 204 III.6.

Production, same principles obvious in complex as in simple forms, 26–29 I.1;

factors of, 37 I.2, 162 III.1, 203 III.5, 270 V.1, 292–294 V.2;
includes exchange, 47 I.2;
the immediate result of labor, 64–67 I.3;
directed by demand for consumption, 75 I.4;
functions of capital in, 79–87 I.5, 162–164 III.1;
simple modes of sometimes most efficient, 84–85 I.5;
only relative term, 133 II.3;
increased shown by increased consumption, 149 II.4;
meaning of the term, 155 III.1;
utilizes reproductive forces, 179–182 III.3;
time an element in, 180–185 III.3;
the modes of, 186 III.3;
recourse to lower points does not involve diminution of, 229–232 IV.2;
tendency to large scale, 320–321 VI.1, 325, 531–532 X.4;
susceptible of enormous increase, 431–434 IX.1, 466 IX.4, 547 X.5.

Profits, meaning of the term and confusions in its use, 158–162 III.1, 189–194 III.4.

Progress, human, current theory of considered, 473–486 X.1;

in what it consists, 487–502 X.2;
its law, 503–523 X.3, 541–549 X.5;
retrogression, 524–540 X.4.

Progress, material, connection with poverty, 7–11 Introductory, 222 III.8;

in what it consists, 227 IV.1;
effects upon distribution of wealth, 228–241 IV.2;
effect of expectation raised by, 253–258 IV.4;
how it results in industrial depressions, 261–279 V.1;
why it produces poverty, 280–294 V.2.

Property, basis of, 331–334 VII.1, 340–342;

erroneous categories of, 335 VII.1;
derivation of distinction between real and personal, 377 VII.4;
private in land not necessary to use of land, 395–400 VIII.1;
idea of transferred to land, 514–515 X.3.

Protection, its fallacies have their root in belief as to wages, 19 I.1;

effect on agriculturists, 447–449 IX.3;
abolition by England, effect of, 252 IV.3;
how protective taxes fall, 447–448 IX.3.

Q

Quesnay, his doctrine, 422–423 VIII.4, 431 IX.1.

R

Rent, bearing upon Malthusian theory, 96–98 II.1, 132–134 II.3, 228–241 IV.2, 242–252 IV.3;

meaning of the term, 165 III.2;
arises from monopoly, 166 III.2;
law of, 168–170 III.2;
its corollaries, 171 III.2, 217–218 III.7;
effect of their recognition, 171–172 III.2;
as related to interest, 201–203 III.5;
as related to wages, 204–216 III.6;
advance of explains why wages and interest do not advance, 221–222 III.8;
increased by increase of population, 228–241 IV.2;
increased by improvements, 242–252 IV.3;
by speculation, 253–258 IV.4;
speculative advance in the cause of industrial depressions, 261–279 V.1;
advance in explains the persistence of poverty, 280–294 V.2;
increase of not prevented by tenant right, 322 VI.1;
or by division of land, 324–325 VI.1;
serf, generally fixed, 353 VII.2;
confiscation of future increase, 357–359 VII.3;
a continuous robbery, 362–363 VII.3;
feudal rents, 372–375 VII.4;
their abolition, 378–381 VII.4;
their present value, 381–382 VII.4;
rent now taken by the State, 397–400 VIII.1;
State appropriation of, 401–427 VIII.2, 514–515 X.3;
taxes on, 406–419 VIII.3;
effects of thus appropriating, 431–486 IX.1.

Reade, Winwood, Martyrdom of Man, 478n X.1, 479n.

Religion, necessary to socialism, 318 VI.1;

promotive of civilization, 509 X.3, 519–520;
Hebrew, effects on race, 495–496 X.2;
retrogression in, 536–537 X.4;
change going on, 540 X.4;
animosities created by, 507n X.3;
consensus of, 560–561 Conclusion.

Ricardo, definition of capital, 33 I.2;

inference as to population, 71 I.4;
enunciation of law of rent, 168 III.2;
narrow view of, 168–169 III.2, 225 IV.1;
tax on rent, 420 VIII.4.

Royce, Samuel, Deterioration and Race Education, 538n X.4.

S

Slaveholders of the South, their view of abolition, 351–353 VII.2.

Slavery, chattel, comparatively trivial effects of, 347 VII.2;

modifying influences, 353–354 VII.2;
not truly abolished in United States, 355 VII.2, 392 VII.5;
never aided progress, 522–523 X.3.

Smith, Adam, definition of capital, 32–33 I.2, 36–42, 44, 45–46;

recognizes truth as to source of wages and then abandons it, 50 I.3;
influence of Malthusian theory upon, 92 II.1;
profits, 157 III.1;
how economists have followed him, 159 III.1;
differences of wages in different occupations, 207–208 III.6, 209–210;
his failure to appreciate the laws of distribution, 215 III.6;
taxation, 416–419 VIII.3.

Socialism, its ends and means, 317–319 VI.1;

practical realization of its ideal, 431–469 IX.1.

Spencer, Herbert, compensation of land owners, 357–358 VII.3, 362;

public ownership of land, 402 VIII.2;
evolution, 478 X.1, 485;
human progress, 478–479 X.1;
social differences, 502 X.2.

Strikes, 310–314 VI.1.

Subsistence, population and, 91–150 II.1;

increases with population, 129–133 II.3;
cannot be exhausted, 133–134 II.3;
included in wealth, 142 II.4, 244 IV.3;
demand for not fixed, 245–246 IV.3. (See Malthusian Theory.)

Supply and demand, of labor, 208–209 III.6;

relative terms, 266–267 V.1;
as affected by wages, 308–310 VI.1.

Swift, Dean, his Modest Proposal, 126 II.2.

T

Taxation, eliminated in considering distribution, 155 III.1;

reduction of will not relieve poverty, 297–301 VI.1;
considered, 406–427 VIII.3;
canons of, 406 VIII.3;
effect upon production, 406–412 VIII.3;
ease and cheapness in collection, 412–414 VIII.3;
certainty, 414–416 VIII.3;
equality of, 416–419 VIII.3;
opinions on, 420–423 VIII.4;
objections to tax on rent, 422–427 VIII.4;
cause of manifold taxation, 425–427 VIII.4;
how taxation falls on agriculturists, 447–450 IX.3;
effects of confiscating rent by taxation, 431–469 IX.1.

Tennant, Rev. Wm., cause of famine in India, 115–116 II.2.

Thornton, Wm., on wage fund, 18n I.1;

on capital, 35 I.2.

V

Values, equation of, 196–197 III.5.

W

Wages, current doctrine, 17 I.1;

it coincides with vulgar opinion, 18 I.1;
but is inconsistent with facts, 19–22 I.1;
genesis of current theory, 22 I.1;
difference between it and that herein advanced, 23–25 I.1;
not drawn from capital but produced by labor, 23 I.1, 25–29, 49–69 I.3;
meaning of the term, 31–32 I.2;
always subsequent to labor, 56–58 I.3;
fallacy of the assumption that they are drawn from capital, 56–57 I.3;
for services, 59n I.3;
connection between current doctrine and Malthusian theory, 92–95 II.1, 96–97;
confusion of terms produced by current theory, 159 III.1;
rate of, 204 III.6;
law of, 204–216 III.6;
formulated, 213 III.6;
in different occupations, 207–212 III.6;
as quantity and as proportion, 216 III.6;
not increased by material progress, 303–304 VI.1;
minimum fixed by standard of comfort, 303 VI.1;
effect of increase or decrease on employers, 308–309 VI.1;
equilibrium of, 310–311 VI.1;
not increased by division of land, 323–325 VI.1;
why they tend to wages of slavery, 346 VII.2;
efficiency of labor increases with, 442 IX.2.

Wages and Interest, high or low together, 19–22 I.1;

current explanation, 19 I.1;
Cairne’s explanation, 20–22 I.1;
true explanation, 170–172 III.2, 199–203 III.5, 221 III.8;
formulated, 218 III.7.

Wages of Superintendence, 159 III.1;

used to include profits of monopoly, 191 III.4.

Walker, Amasa, capital, 35 I.2.

Walker, Prof. F. A., wages, 18n I.1;

capital, 35 I.2.

Wayland, Professor, definition of capital, 34 I.2.

Wealth, increase of not generally shared, 8–9 Introductory;

meaning of term, 38–40 I.2;
interchangeability of, 47–48 I.2, 142 II.4, 181–182 III.3, 244–247 IV.3;
confounded with money, 60–61 I.3;
increases with population, 141–150 II.4;
accumulated, 147–149 II.4;
laws of distribution, 153–216 III.1;
formulated, 218 III.7;
nature of, 147–149 II.4, 180 III.3, 205 III.6;
political effects of unequal distribution, 300 VI.1, 527–535 X.4;
effects of just distribution, 438–444 IX.2, 450–451 IX.3, 452–469 IX.4.